You usually use SMB/NFS shares for that. So either run a NFS/SMB server on the PVE host (not official part of PVE so no webUI support) or run a NAS LXC and bind-mount a filesystem from host into LXC or use a NAS VM with disk passthrough/PCI passyhrough.
There are some other options (virtfs) but those are a bit more experimental and also not officiallily supported.
When mounting a disk at the same time on host and VM, you will corrupt the filesystem. You would need a cluster-aware filesystem for that.