Found this question while trying to do this in the debian:8 official container. For anyone else trying to do this on the official debian:8 (debian:jessie) container,
@frank-from-DSPEED's answer works with a slight modification as described in
an older git hub post:
docker run -d \
-v /sys/fs/cgroup:/sys/fs/cgroup:ro \
--cap-add SYS_ADMIN \
debian:jessie /sbin/init
docker exec -it <your-new-container-name-or-ID> bash
Then from in the container:
systemctl show-environment
This works perfectly for me and since this is only a development environment, the security issue does not matter to me.
Note: The /sbin/init command gets /sbin/init to be Process 1, which is a key part of making this work.