Time to get away from the 990 "Pro" and invest in a different brand/model with good firmware and a high TBW rating.Buying two broken highend SSDs in a row is highly unlikely, plus I'm using the previous SSD in a different machine since a month without any issues.
smartctl never reported any errors for any of the SSDs, neither did the intensive UEFI checks.
The SSDs are both fine. This is not related to hardware.
Seems like a firmware compatibility issue between Proxmox/Debian and Samsung SSD 990 PRO reported by multiple Proxmox users in this thread.
Personally I can recommend the Lexar NM790, it's sitting at 1% wearout and has been running 24/7 since Feb