well, it seems you have (at least) one stray library file that is not owned by any package (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ceph/libceph-common.so.0
). you can likely remove it without any negative consequences, but the question remains how it ended up there (and whether there are others like it).
dpkg is pretty strict about file handling during package installation/upgrades/removal, so it should be virtually impossible to end up in this situation without
- (badly) manually fixing up an interrupted upgrade/package installation
- installing software via some other mechanism rather than via packages