I'm not an expert and have no experience with MacOS and therefore the screenshot does not tell me anything. I also don't know New OpenCore 17, sorry.
Try the pve-kernel-5.13 instead of the default 5.15? If that works then that narrows it down quite a bit.
Maybe you can attach the VM configuration file and any Syslog/journalctl
messages of the Proxmox host when starting the VM?