Ceph and using it for disk images

What did you create exactly? After you installed Ceph on the nodes, you set up more Monitor and Managers? Then created OSDs and then at least one pool?

For that pool, you should have an entry in the Proxmox VE storage config (Datacenter -> Storage). There the content types should be disk images and containers.

Do not mix CephFS with RBD (rados block device) pools which are used to store guest disk images :)
 
Yeah, the CephFS is not intended to be used to store guest disk images.
There is the "pool" pool. Was the "Add Storage" checkbox not active when it was created? Try to create a new storage of the type "RBD" under Datacenter -> Storage and select the pool "pool".