[SOLVED] WebCam Passthrough not working, all other USB devices do

jerryjiren · Feb 1, 2022

Hello team, I just realized that my cam is not working, I will attach a pic of the error since I don't know how could I copy and paste lol.

Looking around on the internet, it seems that is something to do with Linux or Debian itself, but I am not that good in either bash or Linux.

The GUI says that my cam is on port 1-5.

WhatsApp Image 2022-02-01 at 3.48.55 PM.jpeg

jerryjiren · Feb 2, 2022

Just FYI, the WebCam was working fine, so the device itself is not the problem

jerryjiren · Feb 3, 2022

Passing the entire USB controller fixed the issue. But I am curious about how many USB controllers I actually have, I am afraid I might have only one, but since my host has USB 2.0, 3.0, and C, that seems weird to me.

I wanted to pass 1 controller for each VM I have (2). In the case I only have 1 USB controller, how can I overcome this? Can I just buy a PCI USB card?

Code:

root@debian:~# lspci -v
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Device 4c53 (rev 01)
        DeviceName: Onboard - Other
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IOMMU group 0
        Memory at <ignored> (32-bit, non-prefetchable)
        Expansion ROM at <ignored>
        Kernel driver in use: icl_uncore

00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 4c01 (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 122, IOMMU group 1
        Bus: primary=00, secondary=01, subordinate=01, sec-latency=0
        I/O behind bridge: 00005000-00005fff [size=4K]
        Memory behind bridge: a0000000-a10fffff [size=17M]
        Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 0000006000000000-0000006011ffffff [size=288M]
        Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00
        Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
        Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 3
        Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
        Capabilities: [220] Access Control Services
        Capabilities: [150] Precision Time Measurement
        Capabilities: [280] Virtual Channel
        Capabilities: [a00] Downstream Port Containment
        Capabilities: [a30] Secondary PCI Express
        Capabilities: [a90] Data Link Feature <?>
        Capabilities: [a9c] Physical Layer 16.0 GT/s <?>
        Capabilities: [edc] Lane Margining at the Receiver <?>
        Kernel driver in use: pcieport

00:01.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 4c05 (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 123, IOMMU group 2
        Bus: primary=00, secondary=02, subordinate=02, sec-latency=0
        I/O behind bridge: 00004000-00004fff [size=4K]
        Memory behind bridge: a1e00000-a1efffff [size=1M]
        Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 0000006020000000-00000060301fffff [size=258M]
        Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00
        Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
        Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 3
        Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
        Capabilities: [220] Access Control Services
        Capabilities: [150] Precision Time Measurement
        Capabilities: [280] Virtual Channel
        Capabilities: [a00] Downstream Port Containment
        Capabilities: [a30] Secondary PCI Express
        Capabilities: [a90] Data Link Feature <?>
        Capabilities: [a9c] Physical Layer 16.0 GT/s <?>
        Capabilities: [edc] Lane Margining at the Receiver <?>
        Kernel driver in use: pcieport

00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Device 4c8a (rev 04) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
        DeviceName: Onboard - Video
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 255, IOMMU group 3
        Memory at 6031000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M]
        Memory at 4000000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]
        I/O ports at 6000 [size=64]
        Expansion ROM at 000c0000 [virtual] [disabled] [size=128K]
        Capabilities: [40] Vendor Specific Information: Len=0c <?>
        Capabilities: [70] Express Root Complex Integrated Endpoint, MSI 00
        Capabilities: [ac] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable+ 64bit-
        Capabilities: [d0] Power Management version 2
        Capabilities: [100] Process Address Space ID (PASID)
        Capabilities: [200] Address Translation Service (ATS)
        Capabilities: [300] Page Request Interface (PRI)
        Kernel modules: i915

00:06.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 4c09 (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 124, IOMMU group 4
        Bus: primary=00, secondary=03, subordinate=03, sec-latency=0
        I/O behind bridge: [disabled]
        Memory behind bridge: a1d00000-a1dfffff [size=1M]
        Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled]
        Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00
        Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
        Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: Device 0000:0000
        Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 3
        Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
        Capabilities: [220] Access Control Services
        Capabilities: [150] Precision Time Measurement
        Capabilities: [280] Virtual Channel
        Capabilities: [a00] Downstream Port Containment
        Capabilities: [a30] Secondary PCI Express
        Capabilities: [a90] Data Link Feature <?>
        Capabilities: [a9c] Physical Layer 16.0 GT/s <?>
        Capabilities: [edc] Lane Margining at the Receiver <?>
        Kernel driver in use: pcieport

00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Device 43ed (rev 11) (prog-if 30 [XHCI])
        DeviceName: Onboard - Other
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 131, IOMMU group 5
        Memory at 6032100000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K]
        Capabilities: [70] Power Management version 2
        Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/8 Maskable- 64bit+
        Capabilities: [90] Vendor Specific Information: Len=14 <?>
        Capabilities: [b0] Vendor Specific Information: Len=00 <?>
        Kernel driver in use: vfio-pci
        Kernel modules: xhci_pci

00:14.2 RAM memory: Intel Corporation Device 43ef (rev 11)
        DeviceName: Onboard - Other
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IOMMU group 5
        Memory at 6032114000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
        Memory at 603211c000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
        Capabilities: [80] Power Management version 3
        Kernel driver in use: vfio-pci

00:15.0 Serial bus controller [0c80]: Intel Corporation Device 43e8 (rev 11)
        DeviceName: Onboard - Other
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 27, IOMMU group 6
        Memory at 4010200000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [virtual] [size=4K]
        Capabilities: [80] Power Management version 3
        Capabilities: [90] Vendor Specific Information: Len=14 <?>
        Kernel driver in use: intel-lpss
        Kernel modules: intel_lpss_pci

00:15.1 Serial bus controller [0c80]: Intel Corporation Device 43e9 (rev 11)
        DeviceName: Onboard - Other
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 40, IOMMU group 6
        Memory at 4010201000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [virtual] [size=4K]
        Capabilities: [80] Power Management version 3
        Capabilities: [90] Vendor Specific Information: Len=14 <?>
        Kernel driver in use: intel-lpss
        Kernel modules: intel_lpss_pci

00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Device 43e0 (rev 11)
        DeviceName: Onboard - Other
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 149, IOMMU group 7
        Memory at 6032119000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
        Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3
        Capabilities: [8c] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
        Capabilities: [a4] Vendor Specific Information: Len=14 <?>
        Kernel driver in use: mei_me
        Kernel modules: mei_me

00:17.0 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Device 43d2 (rev 11) (prog-if 01 [AHCI 1.0])
        DeviceName: Onboard - SATA
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 129, IOMMU group 8
        Memory at a1f00000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K]
        Memory at a1f03000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256]
        I/O ports at 6090 [size=8]
        I/O ports at 6080 [size=4]
        I/O ports at 6060 [size=32]
        Memory at a1f02000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=2K]
        Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
        Capabilities: [70] Power Management version 3
        Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA v1.0
        Kernel driver in use: ahci
        Kernel modules: ahci

00:1b.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 43c0 (rev 11) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 125, IOMMU group 9
        Bus: primary=00, secondary=04, subordinate=04, sec-latency=0
        I/O behind bridge: [disabled]
        Memory behind bridge: [disabled]
        Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled]
        Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot-), MSI 00
        Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
        Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 3
        Kernel driver in use: pcieport

00:1b.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 43c2 (rev 11) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 126, IOMMU group 10
        Bus: primary=00, secondary=05, subordinate=05, sec-latency=0
        I/O behind bridge: [disabled]
        Memory behind bridge: a1b00000-a1cfffff [size=2M]
        Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled]
        Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00
        Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
        Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 3
        Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
        Capabilities: [220] Access Control Services
        Capabilities: [150] Precision Time Measurement
        Capabilities: [a30] Secondary PCI Express
        Capabilities: [a00] Downstream Port Containment
        Kernel driver in use: pcieport

00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 43b8 (rev 11) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 127, IOMMU group 11
        Bus: primary=00, secondary=06, subordinate=06, sec-latency=0
        I/O behind bridge: [disabled]
        Memory behind bridge: [disabled]
        Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled]
        Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot-), MSI 00
        Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
        Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 3
        Kernel driver in use: pcieport

00:1d.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 43b0 (rev 11) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 128, IOMMU group 12
        Bus: primary=00, secondary=07, subordinate=07, sec-latency=0
        I/O behind bridge: 00003000-00003fff [size=4K]
        Memory behind bridge: a1100000-a1afffff [size=10M]
        Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 0000004010000000-00000040101fffff [size=2M]
        Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00
        Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
        Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 3
        Kernel driver in use: pcieport

00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Device 4385 (rev 11)
        DeviceName: Onboard - Other
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IOMMU group 13

00:1f.3 Audio device: Intel Corporation Device 43c8 (rev 11)
        DeviceName: Onboard - Sound
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 87b2
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 32, IRQ 152, IOMMU group 13
        Memory at 6032110000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
        Memory at 6032000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1M]
        Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3
        Capabilities: [80] Vendor Specific Information: Len=14 <?>
        Capabilities: [60] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
        Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
        Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel, snd_sof_pci_intel_tgl

00:1f.4 SMBus: Intel Corporation Device 43a3 (rev 11)
        DeviceName: Onboard - Other
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Flags: medium devsel, IRQ 16, IOMMU group 13
        Memory at 6032118000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256]
        I/O ports at efa0 [size=32]
        Kernel driver in use: i801_smbus
        Kernel modules: i2c_i801

00:1f.5 Serial bus controller [0c80]: Intel Corporation Device 43a4 (rev 11)
        DeviceName: Onboard - Other
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8694
        Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 13
        Memory at 9f800000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]

jerryjiren · Feb 3, 2022

Code:

01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation Device 2504 (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])

        Subsystem: ZOTAC International (MCO) Ltd. Device 2630

        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 151, IOMMU group 14

        Memory at a0000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M]

        Memory at 6000000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]

        Memory at 6010000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=32M]

        I/O ports at 5000 [size=128]

        Expansion ROM at a1000000 [disabled] [size=512K]

        Capabilities: [60] Power Management version 3

        Capabilities: [68] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+

        Capabilities: [78] Express Legacy Endpoint, MSI 00

        Capabilities: [b4] Vendor Specific Information: Len=14 <?>

        Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel

        Capabilities: [258] L1 PM Substates

        Capabilities: [128] Power Budgeting <?>

        Capabilities: [420] Advanced Error Reporting

        Capabilities: [600] Vendor Specific Information: ID=0001 Rev=1 Len=024 <?>

        Capabilities: [900] Secondary PCI Express

        Capabilities: [bb0] Physical Resizable BAR

        Capabilities: [c1c] Physical Layer 16.0 GT/s <?>

        Capabilities: [d00] Lane Margining at the Receiver <?>

        Capabilities: [e00] Data Link Feature <?>

        Kernel driver in use: vfio-pci

        Kernel modules: nvidiafb, nouveau



01:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation Device 228e (rev a1)

        Subsystem: ZOTAC International (MCO) Ltd. Device 2630

        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17, IOMMU group 15

        Memory at a1080000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]

        Capabilities: [60] Power Management version 3

        Capabilities: [68] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+

        Capabilities: [78] Express Endpoint, MSI 00

        Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting

        Capabilities: [160] Data Link Feature <?>

        Kernel driver in use: vfio-pci

        Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel



02:00.0 VGA compatible controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Ellesmere [Radeon RX 470/480/570/570X/580/580X/590] (rev ef) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])

        Subsystem: Sapphire Technology Limited Radeon RX 570 Pulse 4GB

        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 150, IOMMU group 16

        Memory at 6020000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]

        Memory at 6030000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=2M]

        I/O ports at 4000 [size=256]

        Memory at a1e00000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256K]

        Expansion ROM at a1e40000 [disabled] [size=128K]

        Capabilities: [48] Vendor Specific Information: Len=08 <?>

        Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3

        Capabilities: [58] Express Legacy Endpoint, MSI 00

        Capabilities: [a0] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+

        Capabilities: [100] Vendor Specific Information: ID=0001 Rev=1 Len=010 <?>

        Capabilities: [150] Advanced Error Reporting

        Capabilities: [200] Physical Resizable BAR

        Capabilities: [270] Secondary PCI Express

        Capabilities: [2b0] Address Translation Service (ATS)

        Capabilities: [2c0] Page Request Interface (PRI)

        Capabilities: [2d0] Process Address Space ID (PASID)

        Capabilities: [320] Latency Tolerance Reporting

        Capabilities: [328] Alternative Routing-ID Interpretation (ARI)

        Capabilities: [370] L1 PM Substates

        Kernel driver in use: vfio-pci

        Kernel modules: amdgpu



02:00.1 Audio device: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Ellesmere HDMI Audio [Radeon RX 470/480 / 570/580/590]

        Subsystem: Sapphire Technology Limited Ellesmere HDMI Audio [Radeon RX 470/480 / 570/580/590]

        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17, IOMMU group 17

        Memory at a1e60000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]

        Capabilities: [48] Vendor Specific Information: Len=08 <?>

        Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3

        Capabilities: [58] Express Legacy Endpoint, MSI 00

        Capabilities: [a0] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+

        Capabilities: [100] Vendor Specific Information: ID=0001 Rev=1 Len=010 <?>

        Capabilities: [150] Advanced Error Reporting

        Capabilities: [328] Alternative Routing-ID Interpretation (ARI)

        Kernel driver in use: vfio-pci

        Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel



03:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller: ADATA Technology Co., Ltd. XPG SX8200 Pro PCIe Gen3x4 M.2 2280 Solid State Drive (rev 03) (prog-if 02 [NVM Express])

        Subsystem: ADATA Technology Co., Ltd. XPG SX8200 Pro PCIe Gen3x4 M.2 2280 Solid State Drive

        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16, NUMA node 0, IOMMU group 18

        Memory at a1d00000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]

        Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3

        Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable- Count=1/8 Maskable+ 64bit+

        Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 00

        Capabilities: [b0] MSI-X: Enable+ Count=16 Masked-

        Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting

        Capabilities: [158] Secondary PCI Express

        Capabilities: [178] Latency Tolerance Reporting

        Capabilities: [180] L1 PM Substates

        Kernel driver in use: nvme

        Kernel modules: nvme



05:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation Ethernet Controller I225-V (rev 03)

        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Ethernet Controller I225-V

        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 18, IOMMU group 19

        Memory at a1b00000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1M]

        Memory at a1c00000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]

        Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3

        Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable+ 64bit+

        Capabilities: [70] MSI-X: Enable+ Count=5 Masked-

        Capabilities: [a0] Express Endpoint, MSI 00

        Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting

        Capabilities: [140] Device Serial Number f0-2f-74-ff-ff-ad-49-d8

        Capabilities: [1c0] Latency Tolerance Reporting

        Capabilities: [1f0] Precision Time Measurement

        Capabilities: [1e0] L1 PM Substates

        Kernel driver in use: igc

        Kernel modules: igc

dcsapak · Feb 3, 2022

jerryjiren said:
Passing the entire USB controller fixed the issue.

yeah, usb passthrough can be flaky at times (depending on the actual hardware), pci passthrough is more stable (but that also depends on the hardware)

jerryjiren said:
But I am curious about how many USB controllers I actually have, I am afraid I might have only one, but since my host has USB 2.0, 3.0, and C, that seems weird to me.

it seems you only have one usb controller (that probably serves all usb ports on your machine)

jerryjiren said:
I wanted to pass 1 controller for each VM I have (2). In the case I only have 1 USB controller, how can I overcome this? Can I just buy a PCI USB card?

can be possible, but depending on the mainboard it may actually not be possible to pass through certain cards in certain pci(e) slots

jerryjiren · Feb 5, 2022

Solved by buying a PCI USB card

leesteken · Feb 5, 2022

jerryjiren said:
Solved by buying a PCI USB card

Did you PCI passthrough that USB controller? And if so, can you please tell us which one you bought? Not many USB cards are known to work with PCI passthrough.

jerryjiren · Feb 5, 2022

avw said:
Did you PCI passthrough that USB controller? And if so, can you please tell us which one you bought? Not many USB cards are known to work with PCI passthrough.

Yep, both my mobo usb controller and the card controller. And I found the card basically free, a price so low that I had to buy it. Don't know the model, can you tell?

And how come most of the cards cant do this?

leesteken · Feb 5, 2022

I can't tell from the pictures, but thank you for taking the time to do this. The VLI on the main chip suggest it's from VIA Labs. Maybe you can read the line just below the VLI?
Many USB-controllers don't properly support Function Level Reset, and won't be usable by a VM or are not usable when you restart the VM. I'm happy for you for getting a cheap one that works.

jerryjiren · Feb 5, 2022

Sorry for the late reply, I wasn't sure what to look for, and I took these pictures.

Note: Currently I barely have space to fit the card, and it also is low profile, so I had to remove the bracket, looking forward to "mod" that into a full profile. I am also thinking into mounting either the card or 1 gpu into the vertical gpu support my case has, since its blocking like half of a fan right now, here is the pic

leesteken · Feb 6, 2022

Sorry, I can't see that third picture. My main interest is in the type (VL...-..) which is on the VLI chip as shown here. Sorry for not being more clear about this earlier and thanks again for taking the trouble to make pictures.

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[SOLVED] WebCam Passthrough not working, all other USB devices do

jerryjiren

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dcsapak

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