Well I've reached the end of what I know of recovery. Maybe somebody else can add/help, IDK.
I don't know your level of PVE expertise - but If I were in your position - this is what I would (try to) do:
1. Reinstall.
2. I do not know what your original setup/storage.cfg was like, but try to recreate PVE environment exactly.
3. Do NOT wipe the other disk containing your VMs etc.
4. Just add this disk (3. above) with the same Storage configuration you had before (I don't know what that is) - WITHOUT WIPING.
5. Recreating your VMs & LXCs will be a big task/project, as you will need to reattach the original disks to these configs. But it should be possible to do.
Optionally if all you want to do is recover data from these VMs - it could be possible to directly access this data. But again that's a different story - and IDK how your data is stored there.
You should have had proper backups on a separate storage (VMs LXCs etc.) as you know. Learn from your mistake - don't do it again.
You could also optionally make a DD
image of your PVE boot drive (like above VMs disk) once everything works after reinstall - so that you could always recover from another future failure.