If the directory /sys/firmware/efi/efivars exists, then your systems booted with UEFI.
If the command zfs get all / return a list of lines about something like rpool/ROOT/pve-1, you are running Proxmox from a ZFS file system.
According to the post above, if both are the case, you will have booted with systemd-boot (which has a different looking boot-menu than GRUB).
You can also use cat /proc/cmdline and see if it matches grep 'CMDLINE_LINUX=' /etc/default/grub (GRUB) or it matches cat /etc/kernel/cmdline (systemd-boot).