Nowdays, every Linux distribution offers a mechanism for that and for general automation, there also exist a multitude of software that can automate this for you, e.g. ansible puppet etc.
If the VMs are Ubuntu or debian, for example, then there is the unattended-upgrades module, which has a configuration file at /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades https://wiki.debian.org/UnattendedUpgrades
But yes, as LnxBil says, it will be a per-distro thing. You could always write something (a simple bash script) which refreshes the package repository, and downloads the upgrades automatically via a cron job; although, I'd recommend downloading in advance, but actually applying them manually. Sometimes, like in Debian/Ubuntu and derivatives, you can just run the security updates automatically, which is probably the safest thing to do. Then, you can run the other updates manually when needed and review config file changes [that which will bork a system] etc.
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