apparently corrupted disk image on Ceph pool - how can I fix this?

What do you want to achieve? Access a VMs disk from the Proxmox VE host?
 
If Ceph is healthy, the image in your cluster is in a consistent, yet obviously corrupted, state.
You can mount a live system and try to solve the issue inside the guest or you can replace the disk with a backuped one.
 
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