Help: I replaced all disk in the zfs rpool (2-disk, RAID1) - but after restarting, it won't boot at all.

But for my case, I no longer have the old disk (250GB) disks, because I reformatted them, prior to reboot-testing.
Next time use the steps in the "Changing a failed bootable device" section of the manual.
May i request for some guide how to re-add those boot and efi partitions?
If you can rescue boot into your rpool with the Proxmox installer ISO/USB, then you can remove one part of your mirror and create the GRUB and ESP partitions and use the rest for ZFS (if you did not use the whole drive for ZFS because then the third partition will be too small) and re-setup the bootloader with proxmox-boot-tool.
It might be simpler to reinstall Proxmox on one of the drives and copy any relevant information over (but /etc/pve will be empty on the other drive so restoring VM/CTs from backup might be easier).