I'm afraid that I don't really have experience with ZFS encryption, so I cannot really help you there - sorry. I think it should be fine to leave the your disks and ZFS setup as it is - including all your auto-mount / ecnryption key configuration. If you just uninstall ZFS itself, it should not do anything to your existing disk setup / configuration, it won't suddenly delete all your ZFS disks / configuration (if you do not use purge for uninstalling). As soon as you install proxmox-ve it should pull in our kernel + our version of ZFS and that should then pick up your existing configuration / settings and everything should work as it did before. That's at least how I think it would be, but I cannot give you any guarantees since I've never tried something like this. So, I'd try simply removing everything ZFS / backports related and then install proxmox-ve as usual and see if the ZFS setup gets picked up again.
Of course, make a backup of everything beforehand or simply redo the setup if you run into unexpected issues because that might be easier than trying to hunt down the issue.