Ahhhhh I fixed it.
For anyone else who might run into this, here's what I had to do.
When booting the Proxmox host, press "e" when the boot menu shows up. Navigate through the config file that appears until you find the line that has "amd_iommu=on" in it (this might be different if you're not running an AMD machine, but it should refer to iommu). Change the "on" to "off" and then boot the machine. You should then be able to ssh to your Proxmox server and edit the config file for that VM in /etc/pve/qemu-server/ directory (you will probably need sudo to do so). Comment out the line that caused the problem (in my case, it was the "hostpci1" device I tried to add), then reboot Proxmox so immu is re-enabled.